The US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) was launched by US President Joe Biden during his trip to Tokyo in May 2022. It seeks to establish rules covering areas from data protection to carbon emissions. Its founding members comprise 14 Asia-Pacific nations: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the US and Vietnam. Together they account for 40 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product.