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Business Insider

It’s no secret that processed foods are bad for us. A recent study by Italian researchers found that eating more processed food was linked to an increased risk of dying from heart disease and stroke.
In particular, ultra-processed foods – like processed meats, soda, breads, and pastries – are loaded with additives like sugar, salt and preservatives that are linked to poorer health.

But there are alternatives. In 2019, a rigorously controlled study from the US’ National Institutes of Health fed 20 men and women a diet of ultra-processed foods like hot dogs, muffins, canned ravioli and chicken salad for two weeks. They gained an average of two pounds and consumed about 500 extra calories every day, compared to a different two-week period in which the same people followed an unprocessed meal plan.
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The scientists behind the study found that this discrepancy arose because patients who were fed processed meals tended to overeat, even though researchers controlled how much salt, fat, sugar, protein, fibre and carbohydrates each meal contained (regardless of whether it consisted of processed or unprocessed items).
“This is the first time that we can actually say that there’s a causal relationship between something that’s independent of the nutrients … that is driving these differences in calorie intake and weight gain”, lead researcher Kevin Hall said.

His team isn’t yet sure why processed food makes us hungrier, but they have a few educated hypotheses. For one, they think the difference in calorie consumption might have something to do with the ways that fresh foods trigger hormones that regulate our appetite (ghrelin), and suppress hunger (PYY). Additionally, people tend to eat unprocessed foods more slowly, which gives our body more time to register that we’re full before we overeat.
Beyond its link to overeating, a diet heavy in processed food is also linked with all kinds of other health problems, according to previous research: people who consume it regularly are more likely to get cancer and die quicker than others.
Given that stark comparison, here’s how to determine what to seek out and what to avoid.
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The difference between processed and unprocessed food

Researchers classify “ultra-processed” foods as items that are generally factory-made and come laden with additives and preservatives like sweeteners and thickeners. Generally, these things are packaged in plastic or cans. You’re likely to see “high fructose corn syrup” on the ingredient list of an ultra-processed food item, or perhaps some interesterified oils (replacements for trans fats, which are now widely banned).
The Italian researchers in the most recent study found that processed meat, pizza and cakes were the most common ultra-processed foods in the diets they studied.
Unprocessed food, on the other hand, involves raw ingredients like fresh produce, unflavoured yogurt, home-cooked meat and whole grains.
But food items don’t have to be completely fresh to be considered unprocessed. In the NIH study, the researchers relied on the Nova food-rating system, which designates foods as unprocessed if they are edible parts of plants (including nuts), animals, fungi, algae or water. So it’s fine to freeze, boil, ferment or refrigerate ingredients. But unlike their processed versions, unprocessed foods are not cured or pre-salted.
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The study authors described and photographed the meals they fed their 20 participants – both during their processed-food weeks and the time spent on a fresher eating plan.
Here’s one of the processed breakfasts that the participants ate in the lab:

One of the processed lunch meals was a tasty-looking quesadilla made with deli turkey, cheddar and jack cheeses, and refried beans from a can. That might be disheartening, since it’s very likely to be similar to meals you’d make at home; so is a chicken salad sandwich made with canned chicken, pickle relish and mayonnaise – one of the ultra-processed dinners.
While on an unprocessed diet, on the other hand, the participants ate more produce and skipped sides like tater tots. Here’s what a day’s worth of unprocessed meals looked like in the lab:
Unprocessed breakfast: a yogurt parfait

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Unprocessed lunch: spinach salad

Unprocessed dinner: stir-fried beef tender roast

After two weeks of meals like these, participants managed to shed an average of two pounds.
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This article originally appeared on Business Insider.


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This processed breakfast includes egg mix, turkey bacon, and American cheese on an English muffin with a side of tater tots and ketchup. The orange juice was supplemented with extra fiber. Photo: Hall et al./Cell Metabolism

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