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Sen Nguyen

Vietnamese citizens are being lured into migrating to Cambodia, sometimes illegally, with attractive but often fraudulent offers to work in casinos and online gaming establishments, Vietnamese officials have warned. 
The Vietnamese embassy in Cambodia last week highlighted the risks of trafficking, noting both the effects of the coronavirus pandemic and the difficulty of controlling the porous border between the two countries.
In a Facebook post, the Vietnamese embassy urged its citizens to be vigilant about suspicious advertisements for jobs offering between US$800 and US$1,000 a month.
“According to [victims], we found out that the operation to entice and bring Vietnamese people to Cambodia is led by a number of Chinese people, with the participation of both Vietnamese and Cambodians,’’ the embassy said on its Facebook page.
“After the victims agree to the job, criminal groups will arrange for them to go to Cambodia … [where they] will be brought to hotels or casinos that are concentrated in Sihanoukville,” it added, noting that the targets were subsequently trained to find and entice potential customers for online gambling, which has been banned in Cambodia since 2019. 
The Chinese embassy in Cambodia had also flagged concerns about trafficking related to online gambling, releasing a statement last September warning that Chinese citizens were being smuggled into Cambodia from Vietnam and elsewhere to work in illegal sectors.
The Vietnamese embassy’s Facebook post also detailed how victims were closely monitored and forced to work 16 hours a day. Many were physically assaulted when they tried to escape. The victims who refused to work and wanted to return to Vietnam were beaten and forced to take on debts between US$1,000 and US$8,000 or were sold to another company.
“[The trafficking of Vietnamese] has been happening for a long time,” said a diplomatic source at the Vietnamese embassy, speaking on condition of anonymity.
He said the phenomenon began when Chinese companies started building casinos in Sihanoukville, along the Bavet-Moc Bai border crossing with Vietnam and in Poipet town on the Thai border, which is Cambodia’s second-most popular gambling destination after Sihanoukville.
This Week in Asia has reached out to the Chinese embassies in Vietnam and Cambodia for a response.


HEIGHTENED RISKS
Sihanoukville has received massive Chinese investment in recent years, and its status as one of the primary destinations for labour trafficking has been consolidated by the effects of the pandemic, as desperate workers have become increasingly vulnerable to criminals.
Kristin Parco, chief mission of the UN’s International Organization for Migration in Cambodia, said reduced wages, job losses and the increased reliance on the internet, among other pandemic effects, have created a “fertile recruitment ground for traffickers”.
“Covid-19 has created new vulnerabilities as well as exacerbated existing ones and increased risks of exploitation of individuals and communities to trafficking networks,” she said.
“Traffickers have adjusted their business models by exploiting modern communications technologies. Online trafficking and exploitation have evidently spiked since the beginning of the pandemic in the region.”
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In a 2020 report, the US State Department said the Cambodian government “does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so”. Countries identified as Tier-3, the lowest ranking in annual reports about human trafficking, face US sanctions. In 2019, Cambodia was downgraded from Tier-2, one level from the bottom, to Tier-2 Watch List.
In Cambodia, there is no legal mechanism for foreign victims of trafficking to remain in the country for civil or criminal proceedings. They are usually repatriated regardless of any dangers awaiting them, the US report said. Between 2016 and 2019, the Cambodian government reportedly repatriated 27 Vietnamese trafficking victims.
The US report also said many trafficking victims in Cambodia were Vietnamese women and children exploited for sex trafficking following debt-based coercion schemes. NGOs report criminal gangs bring some Vietnamese victims through Cambodia before they are trafficked to Thailand or Malaysia.


POROUS BORDERS
Since the start of the pandemic, Vietnam has closed its borders to everyone apart from repatriated citizens and foreign experts, while tightening controls along its border with China to the north and Cambodia and Laos to the west. However, Vietnam’s shared borders with the three countries span thousands of kilometres, making them difficult to police.
Diep Vuong is the co-founder and president of Pacific Links Foundation, a non-profit organisation in Vietnam that fights human trafficking. She said that before the pandemic, people travelled freely back and forth between Vietnam and Cambodia, particularly in the Mekong Delta, where it was possible to cross the border via a short boat ride.
“There is a large community of stateless Vietnamese-origin people who have lived for generations in Cambodia and this has made it easier for traffickers to trick people to cross the border,” she said. “The long duration of the pandemic has put more economic pressure on the poorest of the poor in the Mekong Delta, making them even more vulnerable to traffickers.”
Bride trafficking, a problem on China’s belt and road
Although the total number of stateless Vietnamese in Cambodia is unclear, researchers and NGOs estimate there could be between 400,000 and 700,000. 
After executions and forced expulsions under the Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s, those who survived lost their homes and official documentation of their lives in Cambodia. Many returned years later, but some were unable to regain residency and citizenship so continued to live in the country without legal recognition. In recent years, many have been stripped of their documents which were deemed “improper” by local authorities.
Many have no official identification, making them more vulnerable to trafficking. It also creates obstacles to formal employment, education, health care and buying property. As a result, many live in floating villages on Tonle Sap, Southeast Asia’s largest lake, part of the Mekong River.
Despite residents’ protest, Cambodian authorities last week began dismantling floating home communities on the banks of the lake in Phnom Penh where a large number of the dwellers are ethnic Vietnamese.
“Discrimination and abuses against stateless persons like ethnic Vietnamese makes them much less likely to reach out to police or other government officials when they are trafficked or exploited,” said Phil Robertson, deputy director of international NGO Human Rights Watch’s Asia Division. “By abruptly evicting people, and stripping them of their homes and possessions, the Cambodian authorities have made this community more vulnerable to both Covid-19 and abuses, including exploitative forced labour.”


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After being offered jobs online, Vietnamese have been forced to work 16-hour shifts and were physically assaulted when they tried to escape
Sihanoukville, which has received massive Chinese investment in recent years, has emerged as one of the primary destinations for labour trafficking



After being offered jobs online, Vietnamese have been forced to work 16-hour shifts and were physically assaulted when they tried to escape.
