after

applicationId

count

entityId

scmpPlusPaywallTypeIds

superTopicQueueName

topicPageQuery

hooksTopicWidgetQuery

topic

discoveryWidgetPostMagazineQueueQuery

chinaScienceDiscoveryWidgetQuery

hundredTopTablesDiscoveryWidgetQuery

openQuestionsSeriesDiscoveryWidgetQuery

appConfig

filter

entityUuid

advertZone

sponsor

name

urlAlias

hooksTopic

hooksUseDynamicMetaTags

topicAdsTopic

topicDescriptionTopic

topicHeaderTopic

topicRestContentsTopic

topicSeoTopic

topicTopContentsTopic

topicTopicPageTopic

queue

items

section

query topicPageQuery(
  $after: String
  $applicationId: String!
  $count: Int = 28
  $entityId: String!
  $scmpPlusPaywallTypeIds: [String]
  $superTopicQueueName: String!
) {
  ...hooksTopicWidgetQuery_49mQWb
  topic(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {
    entityId
    entityUuid
    advertZone(version: 2)
    sponsor {
      name
      id
    }
    name
    urlAlias
    ...hooksTopic
    ...hooksUseDynamicMetaTags
    ...topicAdsTopic
    ...topicDescriptionTopic
    ...topicHeaderTopic
    ...topicRestContentsTopic
    ...topicSeoTopic
    ...topicTopContentsTopic
    ...topicTopicPageTopic_44JfPG
    id
  }
  superTopicQueue: queue(filter: {name: $superTopicQueueName}) {
    items(first: 10) {
      edges {
        node {
          __typename
          ... on Content {
            __isContent: __typename
            entityUuid
            ...homeSecondaryContentItemContent
            ...sectionTopLeadPrimaryContentItemContent
            ...topStoriesItemContent
          }
          ... on Node {
            __isNode: __typename
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    id
  }
}

fragment articleCommentArticle on Article {
  ...entityLink
  commentCount
  entityId
}

fragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentShareWidgetContent
}

fragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment chinaScienceDiscoveryWidgetQuery on Query {
  chinaScienceSection: section(filter: {entityId: "328475"}) {
    ...latestDiscoveryWidgetSection
    id
  }
  chinaScienceQueue: queue(filter: {name: "section_top_328475"}) {
    ...latestDiscoveryWidgetQueue
    id
  }
}

fragment contentActionBarContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  createdDate
  updatedDate
  publishedDate
  readingTime
  ...articleCommentArticle
  ...helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle
  ...helpersGetContentTypeNameContent
  ... on Article {
    hasVideoContent
  }
}

fragment contentCoverImageContent_2m5Gjt on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  images {
    url
    title
    type
    size1200x800: style(filter: {style: "1200x800"}) {
      url
    }
    size540x360: style(filter: {style: "540x360"}) {
      url
    }
  }
}

fragment contentCoverImageContent_34Njms on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  images {
    url
    title
    type
    landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: "landscape_250_99"}) {
      url
    }
    size540x360: style(filter: {style: "540x360"}) {
      url
    }
  }
}

fragment contentCoverImageContent_4hzFNJ on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  images {
    url
    title
    type
    size768x768: style(filter: {style: "768x768"}) {
      url
    }
    size540x360: style(filter: {style: "540x360"}) {
      url
    }
  }
}

fragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  headline
  socialHeadline
  ...contentHeadlineTagContent
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
}

fragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent
}

fragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {
  ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle
}

fragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    relatedNewsletters {
      ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter
      id
    }
    id
  }
  sections {
    value {
      relatedNewsletters {
        ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter
        id
      }
      id
    }
  }
  ... on Article {
    relatedNewsletters {
      ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment contentReadingTimeContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  readingTime
  flag
}

fragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...blockquoteQuoteContent
  ...imageContent
  ...inlineWidgetContent
  ...photoGalleryWidgetContent
  ...scmpYoutubeContent
}

fragment contentSectionsContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  sections {
    value {
      ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection
      ...entityLink
      name
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  shortUrl
  socialHeadline
  headline
}

fragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
}

fragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  subHeadline {
    json
  }
  summary {
    json
  }
  ...contentSchemaRenderContent
}

fragment contentSummaryContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  __typename
  summary {
    text
  }
}

fragment contentTopicLinkContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    urlAlias
    ...entityLink
    ...topicLinkTopic
    id
  }
}

fragment discoveryWidgetPostMagazineQueueQuery on Query {
  postMagazineDiscoveryQueue: queue(filter: {name: "section_top_71"}) {
    items(first: 6) {
      edges {
        node {
          __typename
          ... on Article {
            entityId
            ...postMagazineDiscoveryItemContent
          }
          ... on Node {
            __isNode: __typename
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    id
  }
}

fragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  __typename
  ... on Section {
    entityId
    name
  }
  ... on Author {
    entityId
    name
    disableFollow
  }
  ... on Topic {
    entityId
    name
    disableFollow
  }
}

fragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  __typename
  entityId
  entityUuid
  urlAlias
  urlRedirect {
    toUrl
    id
  }
  application {
    entityId
    id
  }
  ... on Section {
    fullSectionPath {
      entityId
      id
    }
    parentSection
  }
  ...helpersAppBarVariantBase
  ...helpersApplicationBase
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle
  ...helpersStyleSectionContent
}

fragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  ...entityFollowButtonBase
  entityId
}

fragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage
  ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle
  ...helpersSectionContent
  ...helpersStyleSectionContent
}

fragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage
}

fragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {
  flattenTypeIds
  liveArticle {
    status
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {
  name
}

fragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {
  flattenTypeIds
  liveArticle {
    status
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {
  paywallTypes {
    entityUuid
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {
  urlAlias
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {
  urlAlias
}

fragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle on Article {
  types {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersGetContentTypeNameContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  __typename
  ... on Article {
    ...helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle
  }
}

fragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {
  multimediaEmbed {
    json
  }
}

fragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {
  entityId
  name
  alternativeName
  description {
    text
  }
  summary {
    text
  }
  homepageDescription {
    text
  }
}

fragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {
  types {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {
  authors {
    types
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {
  authors {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersSectionContent on Section {
  fullSectionPath {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {
  fullSectionPath {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    entityId
    sponsor {
      ...sponsorTagSponsor
      name
      type
      id
    }
    id
  }
  ... on Article {
    sponsorType
  }
  ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent
}

fragment homePrimaryContentItemContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  ...entityLink
  ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
  ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3DJqIz
}

fragment homeSecondaryContentItemContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  ...entityLink
  ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
  ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_1YUsN1
}

fragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ... on Article {
    types {
      value {
        name
        entityId
        description {
          text
        }
        id
      }
    }
    ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle
  }
  flag
  sections {
    value {
      name
      id
    }
  }
  ...hooksContentHelperContent
}

fragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle
  ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle
  ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle
  flag
}

fragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_14w7Xi on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentCoverImageContent_2m5Gjt
  ...contentHeadlineContent
  ...contentSummaryContent
  ...contentReadingTimeContent
  ...contentSponsorTagContent
  ... on Video {
    __typename
    ...videoDurationOverlayVideo
  }
}

fragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_1YUsN1 on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentActionBarContent
  ...contentCoverImageContent_2m5Gjt
  ...contentHeadlineContent
  ...contentLiveTagContent
  ...contentSectionsContent
  ...contentSubHeadlineContent
  ...contentSummaryContent
  ...contentTopicLinkContent
  ...contentSponsorTagContent
  ... on Video {
    __typename
    ...videoDurationOverlayVideo
  }
}

fragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2gnGW2 on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentActionBarContent
  ...contentHeadlineContent
  ...contentLiveTagContent
  ...contentSectionsContent
  ...contentSubHeadlineContent
  ...contentSummaryContent
  ...contentTopicLinkContent
  ...contentSponsorTagContent
  ... on Video {
    __typename
    ...videoDurationOverlayVideo
  }
}

fragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3DJqIz on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentActionBarContent
  ...contentCoverImageContent_2m5Gjt
  ...contentHeadlineContent
  ...contentLiveTagContent
  ...contentSectionsContent
  ...contentSummaryContent
  ...contentTopicLinkContent
  ...contentSponsorTagContent
  ... on Video {
    __typename
    ...videoDurationOverlayVideo
  }
}

fragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_Y5tau on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentActionBarContent
  ...contentCoverImageContent_4hzFNJ
  ...contentHeadlineContent
  ...contentSponsorTagContent
  ... on Video {
    __typename
  }
}

fragment hooksTopic on Topic {
  types
  sponsor {
    __typename
    id
  }
}

fragment hooksTopicWidgetQuery_49mQWb on Query {
  topic(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {
    entityId
    ...hooksTopic
    ...topicAdsTopic
    ...topicMetadataDisplayTopic
    id
  }
  ...discoveryWidgetPostMagazineQueueQuery
  ...chinaScienceDiscoveryWidgetQuery
  ...hundredTopTablesDiscoveryWidgetQuery
  ...openQuestionsSeriesDiscoveryWidgetQuery_2uEaAo
  appConfig(filter: {entityId: "scmp_pwa_widget"}) {
    json
    id
  }
}

fragment hooksUseDeepLinkTagsBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  __typename
  urlAlias
  entityId
}

fragment hooksUseDynamicMetaTags on DynamicMetaTags {
  __isDynamicMetaTags: __typename
  metatags {
    key
    value
  }
}

fragment hundredTopTablesContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...entityLink
  ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_Y5tau
}

fragment hundredTopTablesDiscoveryWidgetQuery on Query {
  hundredTopTablesQueue: queue(filter: {name: "section_top_517759"}) {
    items(first: 5) {
      edges {
        node {
          __typename
          ... on Article {
            entityId
            ...hundredTopTablesContent
          }
          ... on Node {
            __isNode: __typename
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    id
  }
  hundredTopTablesSection: section(filter: {entityId: "517759"}) {
    ...entityLink
    id
  }
}

fragment imageContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  headline
  ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent
}

fragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent
}

fragment latestDiscoveryWidgetQueue on Queue {
  items(first: 6) {
    edges {
      node {
        __typename
        ... on Article {
          entityId
          ...homeSecondaryContentItemContent
        }
        ... on Node {
          __isNode: __typename
          id
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment latestDiscoveryWidgetSection on Section {
  urlAlias
  name
  entityId
  parentSection
}

fragment openQuestionsSeriesDiscoveryWidgetQuery_2uEaAo on Query {
  openQuestionSeriesTopic: topic(filter: {entityId: "518656"}) {
    name
    urlAlias
    contents(exclude: {paywallTypeIds: $scmpPlusPaywallTypeIds}, first: 6, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {
      edges {
        node {
          __typename
          ... on Article {
            entityId
            ...homeSecondaryContentItemContent
          }
          id
        }
      }
    }
    id
  }
}

fragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  __typename
  ...contentShareWidgetContent
}

fragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...photoGalleryDialogContent
}

fragment postMagazineDiscoveryItemContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  ...articleCommentArticle
  ...entityLink
  ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
  ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_14w7Xi
}

fragment scmpYoutubeContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  publishedDate
}

fragment sectionTopLeadPrimaryContentItemContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  topics {
    ...followButtonBase
    id
  }
  ...entityLink
  ...contentCoverImageContent_34Njms
  ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
  ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2gnGW2
}

fragment sponsorTagSponsor on Sponsor {
  name
  type
  images {
    url
  }
}

fragment topStoriesItemContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...homePrimaryContentItemContent
  ...homeSecondaryContentItemContent
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
}

fragment topicAdsTopic on Topic {
  entityId
  advertZone(version: 2)
}

fragment topicDescriptionTopic on Topic {
  ...topicHeaderRelatedLinksTopic
  ...entityFollowButtonBase
  ...hooksTopic
  ...topicMetadataDisplayTopic
  extraMetadata {
    __typename
  }
  ...entityLink
  mobileImage: image(type: MOBILE_APP_IMAGE) {
    style(filter: {style: "300x300"}) {
      url
    }
  }
  name
  description {
    text
  }
  chineseName
  updatedDate
}

fragment topicHeaderRelatedLinksTopic on Topic {
  ...hooksTopic
  relatedLink {
    title
    url
  }
  relatedTopics {
    name
    urlAlias
    id
  }
}

fragment topicHeaderTopic on Topic {
  ...topicHeaderRelatedLinksTopic
  ...entityFollowButtonBase
  ...hooksTopic
  ...entityLink
  mobileImage: image(type: MOBILE_APP_IMAGE) {
    style(filter: {style: "300x300"}) {
      url
    }
  }
  name
  chineseName
  sponsor {
    ...sponsorTagSponsor
    id
  }
}

fragment topicLinkTopic on Topic {
  ...entityLink
  name
  shortName
}

fragment topicMetadataDisplayTopic on Topic {
  ...hooksTopic
  extraMetadata {
    key
    value
    topic {
      name
      ...entityLink
      types
      urlAlias
      mobileImage: image(type: MOBILE_APP_IMAGE) {
        style(filter: {style: "300x300"}) {
          url
        }
      }
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment topicRestContentsTopic on Topic {
  entityId
  advertZone(version: 2)
}

fragment topicSeoTopic on Topic {
  name
  description {
    text
  }
  entityId
  urlAlias
  metaDescription
  image(type: OG) {
    url
  }
  ...hooksUseDeepLinkTagsBase
  ...hooksUseDynamicMetaTags
}

fragment topicTopContentsTopic on Topic {
  entityId
  advertZone(version: 2)
}

fragment topicTopicPageTopic_44JfPG on Topic {
  contents(after: $after, exclude: {paywallTypeIds: $scmpPlusPaywallTypeIds}, first: $count, filter: {applicationIds: [$applicationId]}, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {
    edges {
      node {
        __typename
        __isContent: __typename
        entityUuid
        ...homeSecondaryContentItemContent
        ...sectionTopLeadPrimaryContentItemContent
        ...topStoriesItemContent
        id
      }
      cursor
    }
    pageInfo {
      endCursor
      hasNextPage
    }
  }
  id
}

fragment videoDurationOverlayVideo on Video {
  duration
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}


types

extraMetadata

relatedLink

relatedTopics

image

description

chineseName

updatedDate

metaDescription

parentSection

json

section_top_71

section_top_328475

section_top_517759

Chinese boss in American Factory film approved to launch university to rival Stanford

A new institution proposed by Fuyao Glass founder and chairman Cao Dewang has received approval from China’s Education Ministry.


Chinese rice tastes and looks better than it did 16 years ago, research team finds

Rice grown in China also has better texture now, Chinese researchers say in note for Nature after article flags climate change impact.


Cambodia’s China-backed canal on Mekong may threaten ‘fragile ecosystems’

Chinese and British researchers say Funan Techo canal’s passage through habitats crucial to biodiversity may cause ecological harm and more.


Chinese scientists simulate ‘hunting’ Starlink satellites in orbit

Taking inspiration from whales, Chinese researchers have created their own method for targeting satellite constellations.


Chinese scientists hope advanced laser will open gateway to new discoveries

The Advanced Attosecond Laser Infrastructure will act as a super slow-motion camera capturing the movements of electrons.


Shanghai and Beijing aim to become global players in brain computer interface industry

China’s biggest economic powerhouse seeks to become a ‘global innovation hub’ by developing treatments for blindness and paralysis.


Science

11 best brunch options in Hong Kong for 2025

Drink in Focus: Cigarette at Bar De Luxe

Your Hong Kong weekend drinks guide for January 9-11

Your Hong Kong weekend food guide for January 10-12

Your Hong Kong weekend food guide for January 3-5

China’s rise, potential recession, no WWIII yet: 11 key interviews from 2024

From a Nobel laureate and economists to scholars and historians, here are some of our best Open Questions interviews of the year.


Trump, Cop29 and why Chinese eco-warrior Ma Jun sees green shoots of hope

NGO founder explains how mapping initiative helps hold authorities and companies accountable for carbon emissions and cover-ups.


Historian Jay Winter on why we aren’t heading towards WWIII yet and how wars have changed

US historian Jay Winter explains how the nature of war shifted after WWI and WWII, and the impact it has on the world today.


Middle East ‘the best place’ for China and US to cooperate, observer says

Prominent academic Pan Guang gives his view on Beijing’s role in conflict mediation, its engagement with the Global South, and belt and road security.


China’s property bender has led to long, tough hangover: economist Mao Zhenhua

Chinese economist Mao Zhenhua, who was among the first to spot weaknesses in the country’s real estate sector, says the era of large-scale construction which fuelled the property crisis has ended.


Justin Lin Yifu on China’s third plenum, overcapacity and avoiding Japan’s fate

Professor and economist Justin Lin Yifu says China’s industrial policy is paramount to continued development, tech innovation and the transition to higher productivity.


Open Questions series

Run clubs have arrived in Hong Kong to combine exercise and community

This booming subculture is attracting runners of all abilities and from all walks of life to join up and enjoy a workout together – and buy the merch.


This week in PostMag: Hong Kong’s wellness trends for 2025

This week’s PostMag explores Hong Kong’s wellness trends for 2025, from pickleball to mushroom coffee and Transcendental Meditation.


How Transcendental Meditation transformed my life, as it did for The Beatles

It’s a simple yet profound way to achieve inner peace and reduce stress, using a personal mantra to guide the mind towards a calmer state – no wonder Hugh Jackman and David Lynch are fans.


6 wellness retreats for the mind, body and soul to try in Southeast Asia in 2025

Asia has a deep well of riches when it comes to wellness resorts, from the Namia River Retreat, in Vietnam, to Shinta Mani Wild, in Cambodia.


Why change can be good for your mental health – despite feeling overwhelming, painful and hard

How do you turn and face the strange? In her own life, psychologist Esslin Terrifghena explores why change is so difficult – and how to take the leap.


3 essential tips on talking to your family about inheritance and ensuring your legacy

It may be an awkward conversation but a crucial one so that conflict can be avoided, your heirs’ expectations aligned, and well-being boosted.


How banks can help make art more accessible as Hong Kong’s reputation grows as Asia’s arts and culture capital

HSBC is supporting Hong Kong arts and culture as the first Lead Sponsor of M+ visual culture museum, including backing its special exhibition, ‘Yayoi Kusama: 1945 to Now’


HSBC teams up with M+ museum to help promote arts and culture in Hong Kong and beyond

The bank will become Lead Sponsor of the city’s visual culture museum in West Kowloon Cultural District from November, as part of its ‘Open to Art’ initiative.
