How the US can set standards on international deep-sea mineral mining

The US is far behind other countries like China when it comes to the race for critical minerals lying beneath international waters

By joining the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Washington can shape the rules for seabed mineral exploration

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James BortonandDavid Hessen

Published: 7:30pm, 1 May 2024Updated: 8:32pm, 1 May 2024

Despite overcoming legislative gridlock to aid Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan, the United States Congress is still struggling to tackle threats to its critical mineral supply amid growing resource nationalism. In an era marked by escalating geopolitical tensions, the race for securing critical minerals has become more intense than ever.

In recent years, we have witnessed a surge in initiatives aimed at harnessing the vast potential of marine minerals lying beneath international waters. Despite the strategic significance and economic promise of this emerging industry, the US finds itself a mere observer to the game much of the rest of the world is already playing.

China has imposed export limitations on crucial minerals such as gallium, germanium, graphite and rare earth elements. Indonesia has placed export bans on nickel ore and Mexico has nationalised lithium production. The urgency for the US to get access to marine minerals has become glaringly apparent.

On land, China has used its power to drive mining and build processing infrastructure at a scale and pace unfathomable in Western markets. But polymetallic nodules in the deep sea offer an opportunity to flip this script. The International Seabed Authority (ISA), which governs the use of these resources, operates by consensus of 168 countries plus the European Union. This is drastically different from the influence China enjoys on land.