China's growth at any cost the cause of instability

China's high-growth dependency on fixed-asset investments has brought with it high energy costs, opening a Pandora's box of inflation, raising the costs of production, transport and labour, while reducing China's competitive advantage and threatening to roll back economic achievements that characterised the China economic miracle. These rising costs are driving many foreign manufacturers to relocate their investments from China to more efficient, labour intensive countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia, where wages and corruption are more containable.

In many ways, China's fixation with hypergrowth led to its economic miracle, but now it threatens to unravel this achievement. Aside from creating economic distortions and bubbles across the nation's economic landscape, it has also fuelled unrealistic expectations among the populace. Twenty years of hypergrowth have left a generation with no reference point of recession or depression. China's entry into the World Trade Organisation in 2001, and the massive influx of foreign capital since then, have integrated China into the global community in a way with which it had little experience.

The notion of keeping growth rates above 8 per cent began in 1998, when then premier Zhu Rongji issued a policy framework called "the three guarantees": no less than 8 per cent growth, no more than 3 per cent inflation, and a stable currency. Stimulus was used to build roads, ports and new cities, but within a rational framework. The decade under Premier Wen Jiabao amounted to blind adherence to this high growth rate. China's leadership for the past decade has judged everything based on gross domestic product. As a result, each province invests in redundant infrastructure to meet targets. This has consumed vast resources, forcing up prices in all sectors. Zhu's term in office focused on controlling inflation, for he knew the serious impact that rising prices could have on social stability. Yet, the current policy of focusing on growth in the belief that it will factor out inflation has unleashed forces beyond the state's control.

A decade of pumped-up growth has led to an unco-ordinated roll-out of infrastructure. While it is no doubt important to build a road from the industrial centres to a port, you don't need 10 roads, each laced with security surveillance cameras. The result has been unbalanced growth. Meanwhile, Wen unleashed all restrictions on mining; not surprisingly, coal mining surged during this period. Zhu's policies to reforest vast areas of landscape desecrated during the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution were cancelled. Deforestation returned as mining licences were issued indiscriminately. China embarked on its global scramble for resources, and Chinese mining interests spread from South America to Africa. For China's leadership, this was the path to sustain growth and, in turn, social stability. Some mainland officials and economists, however, fear that this is unsustainable - capitalism on steroids that is in danger of derailing unless there is a return to older policies of balance.

The social cost of a teetering medical-pension system, and popular outrage over environmental destruction and its impact on people's physical and mental health, has led many Chinese to rethink the hypergrowth model and to seek something more holistic. A decade ago, the Chinese government reported there were about 80,000 riots a year, many sparked by local police abuse and corruption. Today, the conservative estimate is about 150,000 disturbances, a near doubling. The causes are still corruption and police abuse, along with land grabs and environmental destruction. Hypergrowth, far from being a source of social stability, is more likely to be the root cause of instability.

Much of the social unrest has been triggered by environmental desecration caused by industry in collusion with local governments. The construction boom has led to land grabs, facilitated and enforced by police abuse and financed by local corruption. Meanwhile, a privileged elite stuff their luxury homes with brand-name goods and gridlock the nation's traffic with BMWs, Mercedes and Ferraris while their golf courses deplete water resources. For the outgoing leadership and their coterie of business interests, these are signs of economic success. People in the street feel differently, and resentment is common.